攀枝花芒果幼果黑心病与土壤理化性状相关性分析

为明确芒果幼果黑心病发生与土壤理化性状的关系,比较黑心和正常幼果矿质营养含量差异,调查幼果黑心病果园土壤pH值和养分丰缺情况,并采用相关分析、逐步回归分析和通径分析方法,对发病果园的土壤pH值、土壤养分和幼果黑心病率进行统计分析。结果表明:黑心病果的矿质养分氮、钾、磷、镁和锌含量均显著高于正常果,其他矿质元素含量差异不显著;不同黑心病果园土壤pH值、养分的变异系数和丰缺差异较大,近半数果园土壤pH值不适宜芒果生长,土壤有机质严重偏低、交换性镁和有效铁含量偏高;幼果黑心病率与土壤pH值和有效硼显著负相关,与土壤碱解氮和有机质分别达显著和极显著正相关,与其他土壤养分差异不显著,筛选出pH值(x_1)、有机质(x_2)、交换性镁(x_7)及有效硼(x_(13)),对幼果黑心病率(y)的最优回归方程达到极显著水平;土壤pH值、交换性镁和有效硼对幼果黑心病率影响主要由其直接作用决定,有机质对幼果黑心病率的影响主要由其直接作用和通过pH值间接作用决定。芒果园的土壤酸碱和个别养分丰缺导致幼果矿质元素含量失衡,进而引起幼果黑心病发生,建议通过改良种植土壤和幼果期叶面喷施硼肥等措施防治该病发生。     

硅对水稻生长的影响及其缓解镉毒害机理研究进展

为研发高效硅肥和防治农田镉污染提供借鉴资料,本文综述了施加硅肥对水稻生长发育的影响,包括提高水稻产量和品质,增强抗倒伏、抗病虫害及干旱等逆境的能力,尤其是增强抗镉毒害等能力。并从生理学机制和土壤学机制两方面重点分析了施加硅肥对缓解镉毒害作用的可能机理。生理学机制方面：硅通过参与水稻的生理代谢活动,使水稻抗氧化系统酶的活性和清除自由基的能力增强;抑制镉的吸收及其在水稻体内的运输;硅与镉在水稻体内的螯合和区隔作用。土壤学机制方面：硅肥改变土壤理化性质,降低土壤中有效态镉的含量;硅镉吸附沉淀作用,减少水稻对镉吸收。最后针对硅肥的开发利用及技术推广提出展望。     

Screening and Verification of Low Nitrogen Tolerant and Nitrogen Sensitive Cotton Germplasm

[Objective] The aim of this study is to evaluate nitrogen efficient cotton germplasms and improve nitrogen use efficiency. [Method] Eighty cotton germplasms were selected and evaluated in the hydroponic experiment under low (0.25 mmol·L^－1) and high (5 mmol·L^－1) nitrogen concentration. Different traits for screening were identified and nitrogen use efficiency types were classified. Field experiments were also performed for comparison and confirmation of the identified germplasms. [Result] The results showed that there were significant differences in the total plant dry matter, shoot nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen absorption efficiency in cotton germplasms at the two nitrogen levels. Based on coefficient of variation, principal component analysis and correlation, six traits including total plant dry matter, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total nitrogen accumulation, shoot nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen absorption efficiency were used as screening indicators. According to the Heatmap clustering analysis and the nitrogen efficiency comprehensive index, two germplasms (Lu05R59 and CCRI 69) were identified as low nitrogen tolerant and nitrogen efficient, and two germplasms (Coker 201 and Xinluzhong 30) as low nitrogen sensitive and nitrogen inefficient. The results of field experiment were consistent with the results of the hydroponic culture at the seedling stage. [Conclusion] It was finally determined that Lu05R59 and CCRI 69 were the low nitrogen tolerant and nitrogen efficient germplasms, and Coker 201 and Xinluzhong 30 were low nitrogen sensitive and nitrogen inefficient germplasms. The results of these studies provide the possibility for screening and rapid identification of nitrogen use efficiency in cotton at the seedling stage, and provide the ideal materials and theoretical basis for further study of cotton nitrogen efficient.     

利用HPLC-ICP-MS方法测定中华绒螯蟹不同形态砷的残留量

采用高效液相色谱串联电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(HPLC-ICP-MS)测定中华绒螯蟹可食部位6种砷形态的残留量。经过前处理、提取和脱脂后,通过色谱柱、流动相、pH和流速等参数调节,筛选得到最优化的分离和检测条件。结果表明,6种砷形态的混合标准溶液在质量浓度0~50 μg/L范围时,均呈现良好的线性关系,其R²达到0.999,检测限为0.0060~0.0912 μg/kg,定量限为0.020~0.304 μg/kg。在样品中添加0.5、5、50 μg/L浓度水平,回收率良好,范围是70%~120%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均<5%,方法精密度与重复性均良好。本方法为中华绒螯蟹可食部位砷形态残留量建立了有效检测方法,为水产品砷残留快速检测提供技术支撑。     

孕穗期低温灌溉对水稻剑叶和颖花生理特征的影响

为探究孕穗期持续低温对水稻的伤害机理,利用Y两优957、天优华占、Y两优1号和中早39这4个生产上大面积推广的水稻品种,分别在其幼穗分化Ⅴ期进行17.5℃、10 d的低温冷水灌溉处理。处理结束当天利用SPAD502测定剑叶SPAD值、利用酶联免疫吸附试验测定剑叶与颖花的抗氧化系统和渗透调节系统等生理生化指标、液相色谱串联质谱法测定ABA含量。结果表明,孕穗期低温胁迫降低了水稻的结实率与花粉育性,但不同品种的降幅有差异,分析认为结实率下降的重要原因之一是花粉育性下降。孕穗期低温胁迫后剑叶SPAD值降低,且不同品种表现有差异。根据结实率的结果,Y两优957和天优华占可作为低温耐受品种,Y两优1号和中早39可作为低温敏感品种。低温处理后,低温耐受品种剑叶SOD、POD、CAT活性升高,颖花SOD活性降低;低温敏感品种剑叶SOD、POD活性降低,颖花SOD活性升高,与低温耐受品种相反。低温耐受品种低温处理后渗透调节物质在剑叶中大多高于对照,颖花中则均低于对照;低温敏感品种则呈现较为相反的趋势。低温处理后无论材料是否耐受低温,其颖花中ABA含量均显著高于对照组。颖花与剑叶在抗氧化系统的SOD活性、渗透调节系统的PRO和STS含量等多个生理指标上大多呈现较为相反的变化趋势,推测水稻的源库受低温胁迫后可能存在一个动态平衡调节机制,为研究孕穗期低温胁迫对水稻生理特征影响提供了新的思路。     

Two biomass preparation methods provide insights into studying microbial communities of intestinal mucosa in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

Animal digestive tract is habitat for a large number of autochthonous microbiota, which play central roles in multiple biological and physiological processes of the host. In this study, two different micro‐biomass preparation methods were employed to evaluate the diversity of intestinal mucosa‐associated microbiota in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Genomic DNAs were isolated either directly from intestinal mucosal samples (group A), or from micro‐biomass after microbial dissociation (group B). Community richness, diversity and evenness indices were all higher in group B, but differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.97, P = 0.33, P = 0.34 respectively). Furthermore, group B samples exhibited an increased ratio of bacterial DNA in comparison with group A samples, but the difference was also not statistically significant (P = 0.74). In addition, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05) at the taxonomic level. Our results support previous findings that there exists a great abundance of the intestinal mucosa‐adherent microbiota in the grass carp; among these, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes and Fusobacteria were the most common phyla. Within these microbiota, Paenibacillus, Bacteroides, Bacillus and Cetobacterium genera comprise the majority of the community, implicating their functional importance (e.g. as probiotics) to their host. Our results contribute towards a better understanding of the intestinal microbial profile of grass carp. Both micro‐biomass preparation techniques proved to be feasible for studying mucosa‐adherent microbiota of grass carp; however, the second method (group B) provides a protocol that is somewhat more effective than the first method (group A).     

The influence of diet on the grass carp intestinal microbiota and bile acids

To elucidate the influence of different diet on the intestinal microbe and bile acids, we characterized the microbiota and bile acids in the hindgut content of grass carp fed on formula feed (FF group) or Sudan grass (SG group). Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria were significantly more represented in FF group than in SG group whereas Bacteroidetes was significantly more abundant in SG group than in FF group. Simpson diversity was significantly higher in FF group than in SG group (t = 2.33, P < 0.05). Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was the most abundant primary bile acid in the two groups, with average concentrations of 1.03 ± 0.62 and 4.44 ± 1.80 ng mg^?1 in SG and FF group respectively. The most abundant secondary bile acid was deoxycholic acid (DCA) in SG group and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in FF group, with average concentrations of 0.17 ± 0.06 and 2.67 ± 0.88 ng mg^?1 respectively. UDCA is significantly more abundant in FF group than in SG group, and the total bile acids were higher in FF group than in SG group. Cetobacterium and Fusobacteriaceae U114 were significantly related with the concentrations of CDCA (r = 0.85, P < 0.05 and r = 0.82, P < 0.05 respectively) and UDCA (r = 0.92, P < 0.01 and r = 0.92, P < 0.01 respectively). However, Bacteroides was negatively related with the concentration of UDCA (r = ?0.67, P < 0.05). Overall, there existed certain relationship between the intestinal microbes and the faecal bile acids, and they were both influenced by the diet.     

Impacts of diet on hindgut microbiota and short‐chain fatty acids in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

Diet is known to influence intestinal microbiota in fish, but the specifics of these impacts are still poorly understood. Different protein/fibre ratio diets may result in differing structures and activities of gut microbiota. We examined the hindgut microbiome of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fed three different diets: fish meal (FM, high protein – low fibre), Sudan grass (SG, high fibre – low protein) and compound feed (CF, intermediate). Microbial profiles of fish fed on FM were significantly different from profiles of fish fed CF and SG (F = 18.85, p < .01). Cetobacterium, known to be positively associated with protein digestion, was the dominant microbial group in FM samples (approximately 75.7%), while Lachnospiraceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, thought to be involved in fermentation of plant polysaccharides, were dominant in CF and SG samples (46.8% and 42.9% respectively). Network analyses indicated that the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Erysipelotrichaceae was in a significantly positive correlation (r = .895, p = .001). Short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels may indicate that the digestibility of diet by microbiota in the grass carp gut decreased from FM to SG (FM>CF>SG). Overall low SCFA levels indicate that hindgut fermentation probably provides a low proportion of energy requirements in grass carp.